@prefix : . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix rdfs: . @base . rdf:type owl:Ontology ; owl:versionIRI ; "Čustović, I., Cao, J., Soman, R. (2026). Agents in Construction (AiC) Ontology - Version 1.1.0" ; "Daniel Hall" , "Hans Wamelink" , "Pieter Pauwels" ; "Irfan Čustović" , "Jianpeng Cao" , "Ranjith Soman" ; "The Agents in Construction (AiC) ontology is a lightweight semantic model for coordinating on-site production in construction. It represents construction agents (human workers, robots, and other autonomous hardware) and their state as they operate on a site: the processes they carry out, the elements they modify, the resources they handle, and the operational modes and metrics used to assess their performance and impact. To express how agents' operations evolve over time, AiC introduces meta-properties that specify when a statement holds (at an instant or over an interval), what dimension of information it represents (planned, simulated, or performed), and who generated it. The ontology emphasizes generic, trade-agnostic concepts to ensure broad applicability across project types and delivery methods."@en ; ; "2026-06-20" ; "Agents in Construction (AiC) Ontology"@en ; "aic" ; : ; owl:priorVersion ; owl:versionInfo "1.1.0" . ################################################################# # Annotation properties ################################################################# ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/description rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/license rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/title rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceUri rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ################################################################# # Object Properties ################################################################# ### http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#object rdf:object rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain rdf:Statement ; rdfs:range owl:Thing ; rdfs:label "object of a reified statement"@en . ### http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#predicate rdf:predicate rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain rdf:Statement ; rdfs:range owl:Thing ; rdfs:label "predicate of a reified statement"@en . ### http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#subject rdf:subject rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain rdf:Statement ; rdfs:range owl:Thing ; rdfs:label "subject of a reified statement"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#belongsTo :belongsTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :OperationMode ; rdfs:range :ModeSet ; rdfs:comment "Connects an operation mode to a mode set."@en ; rdfs:label "belongs to"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#consumes :consumes rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :Material ; rdfs:comment "Defines the link between a construction agent and a material that it handles and thereby removes from the pool of available resources."@en ; rdfs:label "consumes"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#containsActivity :containsActivity rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :WorkPackage ; rdfs:range :Activity ; rdfs:comment "Links a work package to an activity that it can be broken down into."@en ; rdfs:label "contains activity"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#containsTask :containsTask rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Activity ; rdfs:range :Task ; rdfs:comment "Links an activity to a task that it can be broken down into."@en ; rdfs:label "contains task"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#correspondsTo :correspondsTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:SymmetricProperty , owl:TransitiveProperty ; rdfs:domain :OperationMode ; rdfs:range :OperationMode ; rdfs:comment "Links two operation modes from different mode sets to each other to express equivalence."@en ; rdfs:label "corresponds to"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#focusesOnElement :focusesOnElement rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :Element ; rdfs:comment "Indicates that a construction agent is dedicating its current operation to a specific physical element."@en ; rdfs:label "focuses on element"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#focusesOnProcess :focusesOnProcess rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :Process ; rdfs:comment "Indicates that a construction agent is dedicating its current operation to a specific process instance."@en ; rdfs:label "focuses on process"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#focusesOnResource :focusesOnResource rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :Resource ; rdfs:comment "Indicates that a construction agent is dedicating its current operation to a specific resource."@en ; rdfs:label "focuses on resource"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#generatedBy :generatedBy rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :InformationID ; rdfs:range :Creator ; rdfs:comment "Relates an Information ID to its Creator."@en ; rdfs:label "generated by"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasCapability :hasCapability rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :AgentCapability ; rdfs:comment "Indicates a capability that a construction agent is able to perform."@en ; rdfs:label "has capability"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasElement :hasElement rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Zone ; rdfs:range :Element ; rdfs:comment "Indicates that an element is situated within or associated with a zone. A zone may represent a physical area or a conceptual operational area."@en ; rdfs:label "has element"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasInformationDimension :hasInformationDimension rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :InformationID ; rdfs:range :InformationDimension ; rdfs:comment "Links an information ID to an information dimension."@en ; rdfs:label "has information dimension"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasModeMetric :hasModeMetric rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :OperationMode ; rdfs:range :ModeMetric ; rdfs:comment "Connects an operation mode with a mode metric that describes the effect of the operation mode."@en ; rdfs:label "has mode metric"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasPredecessor :hasPredecessor rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; owl:inverseOf :hasSuccessor ; rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :Process ; rdfs:comment "Links a process to its preceding process as defined in the work breakdown structure."@en ; rdfs:label "has predecessor"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasProcessMetric :hasProcessMetric rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :ProcessMetric ; rdfs:comment "Connects a process with a metric that describes its performance."@en ; rdfs:label "has process metric"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasQuantity :hasQuantity rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Resource ; rdfs:range :ResourceQuantity ; rdfs:comment "Links a resource or resource batch to a quantity."@en ; rdfs:label "has quantity"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasResourceType :hasResourceType rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Resource ; rdfs:range :ResourceType ; rdfs:comment "Connects a resource to a resource type for grouping different kinds of resources with equal characteristics."@en ; rdfs:label "has resource type"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasSuccessor :hasSuccessor rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:TransitiveProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :Process ; rdfs:comment "Links a process to its succeeding process as defined in the work breakdown structure."@en ; rdfs:label "has successor"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#isAssignedTo :isAssignedTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the construction agent that a process is assigned to."@en ; rdfs:label "is assigned to"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#isDescribedBy :isDescribedBy rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :ModeSet ; rdfs:comment "Links a construction agent to a mode set that specifies the agent's ways of operation."@en ; rdfs:label "is described by"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#isInOperationMode :isInOperationMode rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :OperationMode ; rdfs:comment "Links a construction agent to an operation mode."@en ; rdfs:label "is in operation mode"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#isInProcessState :isInProcessState rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :ProcessState ; rdfs:comment "Links a process to a process state."@en ; rdfs:label "is in process state"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#isLocatedIn :isLocatedIn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Resource ; rdfs:range :Zone ; rdfs:comment "Connects a resource to a zone in which it is positioned."@en ; rdfs:label "is located in"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#isOperatingIn :isOperatingIn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :Zone ; rdfs:comment "Connects a construction agent to a zone in which it is positioned."@en ; rdfs:label "is operating in"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#reifiesStatement :reifiesStatement rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:FunctionalProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :InformationID ; rdfs:range rdf:Statement ; rdfs:comment "Links an information ID to the statement that is being reified."@en ; rdfs:label "reifies statement"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#releasesReusableMaterial :releasesReusableMaterial rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :ReusabeMaterial ; rdfs:comment "Connects a process to a resource that a construction agent makes available during execution of the process."@en ; rdfs:label "releases reusable material"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#requestsResource :requestsResource rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :Resource ; rdfs:comment "Links the construction agent to a resource that it needs to execute a process."@en ; rdfs:label "requests resource"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#requestsZone :requestsZone rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :Zone ; rdfs:comment "Links the construction agent to a zone that it intends to access."@en ; rdfs:label "requests zone"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#requiresCapability :requiresCapability rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :AgentCapability ; rdfs:comment "Connects a process to a capability that a constructionn agent needs to possess in order to execute the process."@en ; rdfs:label "requires capability"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#requiresResource :requiresResource rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :Resource ; rdfs:comment "Connects a process to a resource that a construction agent needs to handle in order to execute the process."@en ; rdfs:label "requires resource"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#supplies :supplies rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :ReusabeMaterial ; rdfs:comment "Defines the link between a construction agent and a reusable material that it handles and thereby returns back to the pool of available resources."@en ; rdfs:label "supplies"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#targets :targets rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :Process ; rdfs:range :Element ; rdfs:comment "Links a process to an element that it has an effect on."@en ; rdfs:label "targets"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#uses :uses rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty , owl:AsymmetricProperty ; rdfs:domain :ConstructionAgent ; rdfs:range :Equipment ; rdfs:comment "Defines the link between a construction agent and equipment that it handles during its operation."@en ; rdfs:label "uses"@en . ################################################################# # Data properties ################################################################# ### https://w3id.org/aic#generatedOn :generatedOn rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:domain :InformationID ; rdfs:range xsd:dateTime ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the point in time at which the reified statement was generated."@en ; rdfs:label "generated on"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasUnit :hasUnit rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:domain :Indicator ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; rdfs:comment "Defines the unit of an indicator."@en ; rdfs:label "has unit"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#hasValue :hasValue rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:domain :Indicator ; rdfs:range xsd:decimal ; rdfs:comment "Defines the value of an indicator."@en ; rdfs:label "has value"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#validAt :validAt rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:domain :InformationID ; rdfs:range xsd:dateTime ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the point in time at which the reified statement is valid. Can be used to define the temporal dynamics of construction agents operating on a site."@en ; rdfs:label "valid at"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#validFrom :validFrom rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:domain :InformationID ; rdfs:range xsd:dateTime ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the start of the time period during which the reified statement is valid. Can be used to define the temporal dynamics of construction agents operating on a site."@en ; rdfs:label "valid from"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#validUntil :validUntil rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:domain :InformationID ; rdfs:range xsd:dateTime ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the end of the time period during which the reified statement is valid. Can be used to define the temporal dynamics of construction agents operating on a site."@en ; rdfs:label "valid until"@en . ################################################################# # Classes ################################################################# ### http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement rdf:Statement rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:label "Reified RDF 1.1 statement"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Activity :Activity rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Process ; rdfs:comment "A subdivision of a process representing a coherent unit of work performed on one or more elements. Activities typically group related tasks and describe work at an intermediate level of detail in the work breakdown structure."@en ; rdfs:label "Activity"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#AgentCapability :AgentCapability rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:disjointWith :ResourceType ; rdfs:comment "Ability or skill of a construction agent to perform certain work."@en ; rdfs:label "Agent Capability"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ConstructionAgent :ConstructionAgent rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:disjointWith :Element , :Process , :Resource , :Zone ; rdfs:comment "Human worker, robot or other kinds of autonomous hardware that can execute work on a construction site."@en ; rdfs:label "Construction Agent"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ConsumableMaterial :ConsumableMaterial rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Material ; owl:disjointWith :ReusabeMaterial ; rdfs:comment "Material that becomes part of the building structure or becomes wasted during a process and cannot be re-used in another process."@en ; rdfs:label "Consumable Material"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Creator :Creator rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Entity or system responsible for generating the information that is represented by a triple statement."@en ; rdfs:label "Creator"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Element :Element rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:disjointWith :Process , :Resource , :Zone ; rdfs:comment "Physical object that is part of the building structure."@en ; rdfs:label "Element"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Equipment :Equipment rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Resource ; owl:disjointWith :Material ; rdfs:comment "Physical asset that aids the execution of a construction process. It cannot execute work autonomously and it includes powered (e.g. a drill) and non-powered (e.g. a concrete bucket) assets."@en ; rdfs:label "Equipment"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Indicator :Indicator rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Numeric value used to quantify an entity."@en ; rdfs:label "Indicator"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#InformationDimension :InformationDimension rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Defines the dimension of the information that the Information ID reifies. Allows for specifying that a reified statement belongs to the planned, simulated or performed dimension."@en ; rdfs:label "Information Dimension"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#InformationID :InformationID rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Functional class that can be used to reify a statement and link metadata."@en ; rdfs:label "Information ID"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Material :Material rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Resource ; rdfs:comment "Passive, non-powered physical object that is embedded in the final product or that provides physical support for a period of time."@en ; rdfs:label "Material"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ModeMetric :ModeMetric rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Indicator ; rdfs:comment "Numeric value used to describe the effect of an operation mode. Includes cost, energy consumption, noise, ..."@en ; rdfs:label "Mode Metric"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ModeSet :ModeSet rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:disjointWith :OperationMode ; rdfs:comment "A collection of operation modes that describes the possible ways in which a construction agent can operate within a specific scope (e.g., a discipline, technology, or stakeholder perspective). A construction agent may be associated with one or more Mode Sets, depending on the modeling context."@en ; rdfs:label "Mode Set"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#OperationMode :OperationMode rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:disjointWith :ProcessState ; rdfs:comment "A specific operational condition or behavior of a construction agent. Each mode represents a distinct, mutually recognizable mode, such as operating, idle, charging, or moving."@en ; rdfs:label "Operation Mode"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Process :Process rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:disjointWith :Resource , :Zone ; rdfs:comment "Generic class describing a certain amount of work to be executed on the construction site."@en ; rdfs:label "Process"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ProcessMetric :ProcessMetric rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Indicator ; rdfs:comment "Numeric value used to describe how a process is being performed."@en ; rdfs:label "Process Metric"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ProcessState :ProcessState rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "A formal representation of a condition in which a process is in."@en ; rdfs:label "Process State"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Resource :Resource rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:disjointWith :Zone ; rdfs:comment "Physical object that is handled for executing a construction process."@en ; rdfs:label "Resource"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ResourceQuantity :ResourceQuantity rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Indicator ; rdfs:comment "Numeric value that describes the amount of a resource or size of a resource batch."@en ; rdfs:label "Resource Quantity"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ResourceType :ResourceType rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Describes a group of resources with equal characteristics."@en ; rdfs:label "Resource Type"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#ReusabeMaterial :ReusabeMaterial rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Material ; rdfs:comment "Material that can be re-used in another process."@en ; rdfs:label "Reusable Material"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Task :Task rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Process ; rdfs:comment "The smallest unit of work in the work breakdown structure, describing work executed on exactly one element. A task cannot be further decomposed within this ontology."@en ; rdfs:label "Task"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#WorkPackage :WorkPackage rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :Process ; rdfs:comment "A high-level subdivision of a process representing a manageable collection of activities. Work packages define work at a coarse level of detail, suitable for monthly / weekly planning, resource allocation, and monitoring."@en ; rdfs:label "Work Package"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Zone :Zone rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "Dedicated area on the construction site or in the building structure."@en ; rdfs:label "Zone"@en . ################################################################# # Individuals ################################################################# ### https://w3id.org/aic#Performed :Performed rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , :InformationDimension ; rdfs:comment "Categorizes statements that convey information about events or situations that have been performed, i.e., have happened."@en ; rdfs:label "Performed"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Planned :Planned rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , :InformationDimension ; rdfs:comment "Categorizes statements that convey information about events or situations that have been planned, i.e., should happen."@en ; rdfs:label "Planned"@en . ### https://w3id.org/aic#Simulated :Simulated rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual , :InformationDimension ; rdfs:comment "Categorizes statements that convey information about events or situations that have been simulated, i.e., might happen."@en ; rdfs:label "Simulated"@en . ### Generated by the OWL API (version 5.1.18) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi/