Agents in Construction (AiC) Ontology
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Agents in Construction (AiC) Ontology

Release: 20.06.2026

This version:
https://w3id.org/aic/1.1.0
Latest version:
https://w3id.org/aic#
Previous version:
https://w3id.org/aic/1.0.0
Revision:
1.1.0
Issued on:
20.06.2026
Authors:
Irfan Čustović, TU Delft
Jianpeng Cao, HKU
Ranjith Soman, TU Delft
Contributors:
Pieter Pauwels, TU Eindhoven
Daniel Hall, TU Delft
Hans Wamelink, TU Delft
Download serialization:
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License:
null License
Visualization:
Visualize with WebVowl
Evaluation:
Evaluate with OOPS!
Cite as:
Čustović, I., Cao, J., Soman, R. (2026). Agents in Construction (AiC) Ontology - Version 1.1.0
Provenance of this page
Ontology Specification Draft

Abstract

The Agents in Construction (AiC) ontology is a lightweight semantic model for coordinating on-site production in construction. It represents construction agents (human workers, robots, and other autonomous hardware) and their state as they operate on a site: the processes they carry out, the elements they modify, the resources they handle, and the operational modes and metrics used to assess their performance and impact. To express how agents' operations evolve over time, AiC introduces meta-properties that specify when a statement holds (at an instant or over an interval), what dimension of information it represents (planned, simulated, or performed), and who generated it. The ontology emphasizes generic, trade-agnostic concepts to ensure broad applicability across project types and delivery methods.


The namespace for AiC terms is https://w3id.org/aic#

The suggested prefix for the AiC namespace is aic


The AiC ontology is a deliverable of the research project SMF4INFRA IconSmart Mobile Factory for Infrastructure Projects (SMF4INFRA).

Introduction back to ToC

The AiC is designed to formalize and describe how various agents execute work during construction. Its primary objective is to enable a consistent digital representation of agents on the site (human workers, robots and other autonomous machines), their states and their interactions with other entities. These interactions may be physical, such as handling materials or equipment and occupying work zones, or non-physical, such as requesting materials or directing attention toward a specific element, material, or task.

Scope

Figure 1 illustrates a typical construction-site situation and exemplifies the type of information that the AiC ontology is intended to capture. In this example, two workers are preparing rebar and mounting components for a concrete wall. Their internal state can be represented as follows: Worker 1, shown on the left, is in a “transporting” mode, while Worker 2, shown on the right, is in a “working” mode. Their interactions with other entities are also represented. Worker 1 is using a wheelbarrow, with its operational focus on the material instance “ConduitRoll-32” and the element “Wall_3_F8”. Worker 2 is using a ladder to position rebar beams, with its operational focus directed toward the same element, “Wall_3_F8”.

Agents in Construction (AiC) Ontology - Schematic representation of a construction scene with overlaid AiC ontology concepts and relationships
Figure 1: Schematic representation of a construction scene with overlaid AiC ontology concepts and relationships, illustrating the scope of agent-centered site information captured by the ontology

Namespace declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
aic <https://w3id.org/aic#>
owl <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
rdf <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
rdfs <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
terms <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
vann <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/>
xml <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
xsd <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

AiC Ontology: Overview back to ToC

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Named Individuals

AiC Ontology: Description back to ToC

Competency questions

Table 2: Overview of competency questions for the AiC ontology
No. Competency question Reason for posing this question
Questions about statements valid irrelevant of time
1.1 What are the mode sets used to describe agent ABC? How do the modes from different mode sets correspond to each other? Understand different ways to formally express the operation of an agent.
1.2 Which metric measures the performance of agent ABC when in operation mode XYZ? Understand how the performance of an agent operating in a particular mode can be expressed.
1.3 Which metric is describing the performance of process 456? Understand how the performance of a process can be expressed.
Questions about statements at a point in time
At time T1, ...
2.1 … what is the mode of agent ABC and since when has it been operating in that mode? Find out the operation mode of the agent at any given point in time.
2.2 ... what element is agent ABC focusing on and since when has it been focusing on that? Find out the physical elements that an agent is focusing on at any given point in time.
2.3 ... what process is agent ABC focusing on and what is the state of the process? Find out the process and its process state that an agent is focusing on at any given point in time.
2.4 ... where is agent ABC operating, and since when has it been operating there? Find out the location of the agent at any given point in time.
2.5 ... which process is assigned to agent ABC? Find out what an agent has to work on at any given point in time.
2.6 ... what resources / zone is agent ABC requesting, and since when has it been requesting them? Find out what an agent needs to execute its work at any given point in time.
2.7 ... what equipment is agent ABC working with and since when has it been working with it? Find out the equipment usage of the agent at any given point in time.
2.8 … what is the value of the process metric of process 456? Find out the dynamic performance of a process at any given point in time.
Questions about statements spanning periods of time
In the period up until time T2, ...
3.1 ... what material and in what quantity has agent ABC consumed already and when has agent ABC consumed it? Find out how much material an agent has consumed that is not available anymore up until a given point in time.
3.2 ... what reusable material and in what quantity has agent ABC already provided, and when? Find out how much material an agent has provided, which is available once again up until a given point in time.
In the period between time T3 and time T4, …
3.3 … in which modes was agent ABC operating, and for which time periods? Find out the operation mode history of an agent in a specific period.
3.4 … what is the total time that agent ABC was operating in mode XYZ? Quantify the agent's operating time in a specific mode.
3.5 … how often and how long was agent ABC requesting resource 123? Quantify the frequency and duration of an agent's resource requests within a specific period.
3.6 … what is the total time that agent ABC was working with equipment 789 and focusing on process 456? Find out the equipment usage of an agent dedicated to a particular process.

Structure and Concepts

Figure 2 provides an overview of the classes and properties of the AiC ontology. They are organized into three groups that describe how agents operate on the site, execute processes and handle resources. An additional set of classes and properties is included to capture meta-information essential for representing the dynamic aspects of construction information.

Agents in Construction (AiC) Ontology - Visual representation of AiC classes and relationships
Figure 2: Visual overview of AiC classes and relationships

Including metadata about AiC statements (temporal validity, planned vs. performed, creators, ...)

The AiC ontology formalizes statement-level metadata management through the class aic:InformationID, which acts as a reification construct linking factual assertions to contextual and provenance information. Each aic:InformationID instance links to a reified RDF statement via aic:reifiesStatement, where the statement itself follows standard RDF 1.1 reification using rdf:Statement with its rdf:subject, rdf:predicate, and rdf:object properties (see Figure 3, top). The AiC ontology supports statement-level metadata in a way that remains compatible with both RDF 1.1 toolchains and emerging RDF 1.2 features. RDF 1.2 introduces triple terms (quoted triples, previously known as ‘RDF-star’), which allow a triple to be referenced directly as the object of another triple. At the time when this version of the AiC ontology was released, RDF 1.2 had reached ‘Candidate Recommendation Snapshot’ status, but had not yet become an official W3C standard [RDF12-CONCEPTS]. While preserving a systematic mapping to RDF 1.2 quoted triples using rdf:reifies where supported (see Figure 3, bottom), the AiC ontology also allows aic:reifiesStatement to serve as a stable attachment point for statement-scoped metadata in RDF 1.1.

Agents in Construction (AiC) Ontology - Reification pattern for statement-scoped metadata
Figure 3: RDF 1.1 (top) and RDF 1.2 (bottom) compliant reification of AiC statements using the aic:InformationID class

Expressing temporal validity is central to the AiC ontology. The object properties aic:validAt, aic:validFrom and aic:validUntil allow each assertion to be qualified by an instant or interval during which it holds.

  • aic:validAt - an instant at which the statement is valid.
  • aic:validFrom - the start of an interval during which the statement is valid.
  • aic:validUntil - the end of that interval.

For instance, a statement that a construction agent aic:operatatesIn a particular aic:Zone might be valid only for a certain period. Several construction agents can focus on the same process at different times and in different ways. Because these temporal constraints attach to aic:InformationID rather than to aic:ConstructionAgent or aic:Process, AiC supports multiple concurrent temporal perspectives on the same underlying entities (e.g., overlapping assignments, interruptions, or revisions) without duplicating domain-level structures.

Another important design feature of the AiC ontology is its explicit separation of domain semantics from epistemic and lifecycle context. Rather than introducing dimension-specific predicates for planned or performed data, AiC annotates reified assertions using aic:hasInformationDimension, classifying the underlying statement as aic:Planned, aic:Simulated, or aic:Performed. This preserves semantic continuity across viewpoints: identical classes and properties capture intent, prediction, and observation, while the dimension annotation makes each assertion’s contextual status explicit. By externalizing perspective as metadata, the approach supports reusable query patterns, simplifies mappings, and reduces schema drift across lifecycle stages. Provenance is captured through aic:generatedBy (to an aic:Creator) and aic:generatedOn, enabling the graph to retain traceable origins for statement-level claims.

For example, this metadata can be used to express more context about the situation shown in Figure 1: The statements “Worker 2 is in the operation mode transporting” and “Worker 2 uses Wheelbarrow 2” are valid only from 08:13 to 08:15, were generated by an on-site computer vision system, and describe the situation as it was “performed”.

Cross-reference for AiC Ontology classes, object properties and data properties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by AiC Ontology.

Classes

Activityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Activity

A subdivision of a process representing a coherent unit of work performed on one or more elements. Activities typically group related tasks and describe work at an intermediate level of detail in the work breakdown structure.
has super-classes
Process c
is in domain of
contains task op
is in range of
contains activity op

Agent Capabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#AgentCapability

Ability or skill of a construction agent to perform certain work.
is in range of
has capability op, requires capability op
is disjoint with
Resource Type c

Construction Agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ConstructionAgent

Human worker, robot or other kinds of autonomous hardware that can execute work on a construction site.
is in domain of
consumes op, focuses on element op, focuses on process op, focuses on resource op, has capability op, is described by op, is in operation mode op, is operating in op, requests resource op, requests zone op, supplies op, uses op
is in range of
is assigned to op
is disjoint with
Element c, Process c, Resource c, Zone c

Consumable Materialc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ConsumableMaterial

Material that becomes part of the building structure or becomes wasted during a process and cannot be re-used in another process.
has super-classes
Material c
is disjoint with
Reusable Material c

Creatorc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Creator

Entity or system responsible for generating the information that is represented by a triple statement.
is in range of
generated by op

Elementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Element

Physical object that is part of the building structure.
is in range of
focuses on element op, has element op, targets op
is disjoint with
Construction Agent c, Process c, Resource c, Zone c

Equipmentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Equipment

Physical asset that aids the execution of a construction process. It cannot execute work autonomously and it includes powered (e.g. a drill) and non-powered (e.g. a concrete bucket) assets.
has super-classes
Resource c
is in range of
uses op
is disjoint with
Material c

Indicatorc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Indicator

Numeric value used to quantify an entity.
has sub-classes
Mode Metric c, Process Metric c, Resource Quantity c
is in domain of
has unit dp, has value dp

Information Dimensionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#InformationDimension

Defines the dimension of the information that the Information ID reifies. Allows for specifying that a reified statement belongs to the planned, simulated or performed dimension.
is in range of
has information dimension op
has members
Performed ni, Planned ni, Simulated ni

Information IDc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#InformationID

Functional class that can be used to reify a statement and link metadata.
is in domain of
generated by op, generated on dp, has information dimension op, reifies statement op, valid at dp, valid from dp, valid until dp

Materialc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Material

Passive, non-powered physical object that is embedded in the final product or that provides physical support for a period of time.
has super-classes
Resource c
has sub-classes
Consumable Material c, Reusable Material c
is in range of
consumes op
is disjoint with
Equipment c

Mode Metricc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ModeMetric

Numeric value used to describe the effect of an operation mode. Includes cost, energy consumption, noise, ...
has super-classes
Indicator c
is in range of
has mode metric op

Mode Setc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ModeSet

A collection of operation modes that describes the possible ways in which a construction agent can operate within a specific scope (e.g., a discipline, technology, or stakeholder perspective). A construction agent may be associated with one or more Mode Sets, depending on the modeling context.
is in range of
belongs to op, is described by op
is disjoint with
Operation Mode c

Operation Modec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#OperationMode

A specific operational condition or behavior of a construction agent. Each mode represents a distinct, mutually recognizable mode, such as operating, idle, charging, or moving.
is in domain of
belongs to op, corresponds to op, has mode metric op
is in range of
corresponds to op, is in operation mode op
is disjoint with
Mode Set c, Process State c

Processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Process

Generic class describing a certain amount of work to be executed on the construction site.
has sub-classes
Activity c, Task c, Work Package c
is in domain of
has predecessor op, has process metric op, has successor op, is assigned to op, is in process state op, releases reusable material op, requires capability op, requires resource op, targets op
is in range of
focuses on process op, has predecessor op, has successor op
is disjoint with
Construction Agent c, Element c, Resource c, Zone c

Process Metricc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ProcessMetric

Numeric value used to describe how a process is being performed.
has super-classes
Indicator c
is in range of
has process metric op

Process Statec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ProcessState

A formal representation of a condition in which a process is in.
is in range of
is in process state op
is disjoint with
Operation Mode c

Reified RDF 1.1 statementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Statement

is in domain of
object of a reified statement op, predicate of a reified statement op, subject of a reified statement op
is in range of
reifies statement op

Resourcec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Resource

Physical object that is handled for executing a construction process.
has sub-classes
Equipment c, Material c
is in domain of
has quantity op, has resource type op, is located in op
is in range of
focuses on resource op, requests resource op, requires resource op
is disjoint with
Construction Agent c, Element c, Process c, Zone c

Resource Quantityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ResourceQuantity

Numeric value that describes the amount of a resource or size of a resource batch.
has super-classes
Indicator c
is in range of
has quantity op

Resource Typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ResourceType

Describes a group of resources with equal characteristics.
is in range of
has resource type op
is disjoint with
Agent Capability c

Reusable Materialc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#ReusabeMaterial

Material that can be re-used in another process.
has super-classes
Material c
is in range of
releases reusable material op, supplies op
is disjoint with
Consumable Material c

Taskc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Task

The smallest unit of work in the work breakdown structure, describing work executed on exactly one element. A task cannot be further decomposed within this ontology.
has super-classes
Process c
is in range of
contains task op

Work Packagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#WorkPackage

A high-level subdivision of a process representing a manageable collection of activities. Work packages define work at a coarse level of detail, suitable for monthly / weekly planning, resource allocation, and monitoring.
has super-classes
Process c
is in domain of
contains activity op

Zonec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Zone

Dedicated area on the construction site or in the building structure.
is in domain of
has element op
is in range of
is located in op, is operating in op, requests zone op
is disjoint with
Construction Agent c, Element c, Process c, Resource c

Object Properties

belongs toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#belongsTo

Connects an operation mode to a mode set.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Operation Mode c
has range
Mode Set c

consumesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#consumes

Defines the link between a construction agent and a material that it handles and thereby removes from the pool of available resources.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Material c

contains activityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#containsActivity

Links a work package to an activity that it can be broken down into.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Work Package c
has range
Activity c

contains taskop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#containsTask

Links an activity to a task that it can be broken down into.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Activity c
has range
Task c

corresponds toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#correspondsTo

Links two operation modes from different mode sets to each other to express equivalence.

has characteristics: symmetric, transitive

has domain
Operation Mode c
has range
Operation Mode c

focuses on elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#focusesOnElement

Indicates that a construction agent is dedicating its current operation to a specific physical element.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Element c

focuses on processop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#focusesOnProcess

Indicates that a construction agent is dedicating its current operation to a specific process instance.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Process c

focuses on resourceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#focusesOnResource

Indicates that a construction agent is dedicating its current operation to a specific resource.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Resource c

generated byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#generatedBy

Relates an Information ID to its Creator.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Information ID c
has range
Creator c

has capabilityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasCapability

Indicates a capability that a construction agent is able to perform.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Agent Capability c

has elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasElement

Indicates that an element is situated within or associated with a zone. A zone may represent a physical area or a conceptual operational area.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Zone c
has range
Element c

has information dimensionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasInformationDimension

Links an information ID to an information dimension.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Information ID c
has range
Information Dimension c

has mode metricop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasModeMetric

Connects an operation mode with a mode metric that describes the effect of the operation mode.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Operation Mode c
has range
Mode Metric c

has predecessorop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasPredecessor

Links a process to its preceding process as defined in the work breakdown structure.

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
Process c
has range
Process c
is inverse of
has successor op

has process metricop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasProcessMetric

Connects a process with a metric that describes its performance.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Process c
has range
Process Metric c

has quantityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasQuantity

Links a resource or resource batch to a quantity.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Resource c
has range
Resource Quantity c

has resource typeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasResourceType

Connects a resource to a resource type for grouping different kinds of resources with equal characteristics.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Resource c
has range
Resource Type c

has successorop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasSuccessor

Links a process to its succeeding process as defined in the work breakdown structure.

has characteristics: transitive

has domain
Process c
has range
Process c
is inverse of
has predecessor op

is assigned toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#isAssignedTo

Specifies the construction agent that a process is assigned to.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Process c
has range
Construction Agent c

is described byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#isDescribedBy

Links a construction agent to a mode set that specifies the agent's ways of operation.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Mode Set c

is in operation modeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#isInOperationMode

Links a construction agent to an operation mode.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Operation Mode c

is in process stateop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#isInProcessState

Links a process to a process state.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Process c
has range
Process State c

is located inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#isLocatedIn

Connects a resource to a zone in which it is positioned.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Resource c
has range
Zone c

is operating inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#isOperatingIn

Connects a construction agent to a zone in which it is positioned.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Zone c

object of a reified statementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#object

has domain
Reified RDF 1.1 statement c
has range
Thing c

predicate of a reified statementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#predicate

has domain
Reified RDF 1.1 statement c
has range
Thing c

reifies statementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#reifiesStatement

Links an information ID to the statement that is being reified.

has characteristics: functional, asymmetric

has domain
Information ID c
has range
Reified RDF 1.1 statement c

releases reusable materialop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#releasesReusableMaterial

Connects a process to a resource that a construction agent makes available during execution of the process.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Process c
has range
Reusable Material c

requests resourceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#requestsResource

Links the construction agent to a resource that it needs to execute a process.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Resource c

requests zoneop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#requestsZone

Links the construction agent to a zone that it intends to access.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Zone c

requires capabilityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#requiresCapability

Connects a process to a capability that a constructionn agent needs to possess in order to execute the process.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Process c
has range
Agent Capability c

requires resourceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#requiresResource

Connects a process to a resource that a construction agent needs to handle in order to execute the process.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Process c
has range
Resource c

subject of a reified statementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#subject

has domain
Reified RDF 1.1 statement c
has range
Thing c

suppliesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#supplies

Defines the link between a construction agent and a reusable material that it handles and thereby returns back to the pool of available resources.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Reusable Material c

targetsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#targets

Links a process to an element that it has an effect on.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Process c
has range
Element c

usesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#uses

Defines the link between a construction agent and equipment that it handles during its operation.

has characteristics: asymmetric

has domain
Construction Agent c
has range
Equipment c

Data Properties

generated ondp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#generatedOn

Specifies the point in time at which the reified statement was generated.
has domain
Information ID c
has range
date Time

has unitdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasUnit

Defines the unit of an indicator.
has domain
Indicator c
has range
string

has valuedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#hasValue

Defines the value of an indicator.
has domain
Indicator c
has range
decimal

valid atdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#validAt

Specifies the point in time at which the reified statement is valid. Can be used to define the temporal dynamics of construction agents operating on a site.
has domain
Information ID c
has range
date Time

valid fromdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#validFrom

Specifies the start of the time period during which the reified statement is valid. Can be used to define the temporal dynamics of construction agents operating on a site.
has domain
Information ID c
has range
date Time

valid untildp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#validUntil

Specifies the end of the time period during which the reified statement is valid. Can be used to define the temporal dynamics of construction agents operating on a site.
has domain
Information ID c
has range
date Time

Named Individuals

Performedni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Performed

Categorizes statements that convey information about events or situations that have been performed, i.e., have happened.
belongs to
Information Dimension c

Plannedni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Planned

Categorizes statements that convey information about events or situations that have been planned, i.e., should happen.
belongs to
Information Dimension c

Simulatedni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/aic#Simulated

Categorizes statements that convey information about events or situations that have been simulated, i.e., might happen.
belongs to
Information Dimension c

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties
ni: Named Individuals

Alignment modules back to ToC

The following alignment modules provide mappings between the AiC Ontology and other relevant (AECO) ontologies. Each module can be used independently depending on the required interoperability context.

Ontology Prefix Version AiC Version Alignment Version Files
Building Element Ontology
https://pi.pauwel.be/voc/buildingelement# 		beo 0.1.0 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ 		bfo 2.0 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
Building Topology Ontology
https://w3id.org/bot# 		bot 0.3.2 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
cSite Ontology
https://w3id.org/cSite# 		csite 1.22.1 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
CTO: Construction Tasks Ontology
https://w3id.org/cto# 		cto 0.0.1 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
Digital Construction Ontologies (DiCon) - Agents
https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Agents# 		dica 0.5 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
Digital Construction Ontologies (DiCon) - Entities
https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Entities# 		dice 0.5 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
Digital Construction Ontologies (DiCon) - Materials
https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Materials# 		dicm 0.5 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
Digital Construction Ontologies (DiCon) - Processes
https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Processes# 		dicp 0.5 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
Digital Twin Construction Ontology
https://dtc-ontology.cms.ed.tum.de/ontology/v2# 		dtc 2 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
Internet of Construction Process Ontology (ioc)
http://w3id.org/ioc# 		ioc 0.5 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD
NEN 2660 - Rules for information modelling of the built environment
https://w3id.org/nen2660/def# 		nen2660 NEN 2660-2:2022 1.1.0 1.0.0 TTL RDF/XML JSON-LD

Acknowledgments back to ToC

This work is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation [grant no. 204852].

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.

References back to ToC

[RDF12-CONCEPTS]
RDF 1.2 Concepts and Abstract Syntax. Andy Seaborne; Gregg Kellogg; Olaf Hartig; Pierre-Antoine Champin. W3C. 7 April 2026. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/2026/CR-rdf12-concepts-20260407/